Description
Key Companies
Tesla
General Motors
Daimler
BMW
Audi
Volvo
Ford
Segmentation Covered
Segment by Type
– Level 2 Autonomous Vehicles
– Level 3 Autonomous Vehicles
Segment by Application
– Passenger Vehicles
– Commercial Vehicles
By Region
Asia-Pacific: China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Oceania
Europe : Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland
North America : United States, Canada, Mexico
Middle East & Africa : GCC, North Africa, South Africa
South America : Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Taxonomy
1.2.1 By Product Type & End User
1.2.2 By Region
1.3 Drivers for Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market
1.4 Restraints for Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market
1.5 Opportunities for Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market
1.6 Trends for Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market
1.7 COVID-19 Impact Assessment on Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Industry
1.8 Macro-economic Factors
1.9 Regulatory Framework
1.10 Pricing Analysis by Region, 2021
1.11 Opportunity Map Analysis
1.12 Opportunity Orbits
1.13 Market Investment Feasibility Index
1.14 PEST Analysis
1.15 PORTERS Five Force Analysis
1.16 Go to Market Strategy
1.17 Value Chain Analysis
1.18 Cost Structure Analysis
1.19 Regional Market Share and BPS Analysis
Chapter 2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Overview
2.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Product Type
2.1.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2030)
2.1.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Product Type in 2019
2.1.3 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Product Type, (2015-2021)
2.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by End User
2.2.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2030)
2.2.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by End User in 2019
2.2.3 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by End User, (2015-2021)
2.3 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Region
2.3.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2030)
2.3.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Region in 2019
2.3.3 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region, (2015-2021)
2.4 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Outlook (2015-2030)
2.4.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2015-2021)
2.4.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2022-2030)
2.5 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Regions
2.5.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2021)
2.5.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2022-2030)
2.6 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Product Type
2.6.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2021)
2.6.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2022-2030)
2.7 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by End User
2.7.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2021)
2.7.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2022-2030)
2.8 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate Comparison (2014-2030)
2.8.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Region
2.8.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Product Type
2.8.3 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by End User
2.9 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share Comparison (2015-2030)
2.9.1 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Region
2.9.2 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Product Type
2.9.3 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by End User
Chapter 3 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Overview
3.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Product Type
3.1.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2030)
3.1.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Product Type in 2019
3.1.3 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Product Type, (2015-2021)
3.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by End User
3.2.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2030)
3.2.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by End User in 2019
3.2.3 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by End User, (2015-2021)
3.3 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Region
3.3.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2030)
3.3.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Region in 2019
3.3.3 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region, (2015-2021)
3.4 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Outlook (2015-2030)
3.4.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2015-2021)
3.4.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2022-2030)
3.5 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Regions
3.5.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2021)
3.5.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2022-2030)
3.6 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Product Type
3.6.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2021)
3.6.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2022-2030)
3.7 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by End User
3.7.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2021)
3.7.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2022-2030)
3.8 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate Comparison (2014-2030)
3.8.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Region
3.8.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Product Type
3.8.3 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by End User
3.9 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share Comparison (2015-2030)
3.9.1 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Region
3.9.2 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Product Type
3.9.3 North America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by End User
Chapter 4 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Overview
4.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Product Type
4.1.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2030)
4.1.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Product Type in 2019
4.1.3 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Product Type, (2015-2021)
4.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by End User
4.2.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2030)
4.2.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by End User in 2019
4.2.3 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by End User, (2015-2021)
4.3 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Region
4.3.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2030)
4.3.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Region in 2019
4.3.3 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region, (2015-2021)
4.4 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Outlook (2015-2030)
4.4.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2015-2021)
4.4.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2022-2030)
4.5 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Regions
4.5.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2021)
4.5.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2022-2030)
4.6 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Product Type
4.6.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2021)
4.6.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2022-2030)
4.7 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by End User
4.7.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2021)
4.7.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2022-2030)
4.8 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate Comparison (2014-2030)
4.8.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Region
4.8.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Product Type
4.8.3 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by End User
4.9 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share Comparison (2015-2030)
4.9.1 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Region
4.9.2 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Product Type
4.9.3 Europe Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by End User
Chapter 5 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Overview
5.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Product Type
5.1.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2030)
5.1.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Product Type in 2019
5.1.3 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Product Type, (2015-2021)
5.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by End User
5.2.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2030)
5.2.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by End User in 2019
5.2.3 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by End User, (2015-2021)
5.3 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Region
5.3.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2030)
5.3.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Region in 2019
5.3.3 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region, (2015-2021)
5.4 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Outlook (2015-2030)
5.4.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2015-2021)
5.4.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2022-2030)
5.5 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Regions
5.5.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2021)
5.5.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2022-2030)
5.6 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Product Type
5.6.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2021)
5.6.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2022-2030)
5.7 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by End User
5.7.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2021)
5.7.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2022-2030)
5.8 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate Comparison (2014-2030)
5.8.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Region
5.8.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Product Type
5.8.3 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by End User
5.9 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share Comparison (2015-2030)
5.9.1 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Region
5.9.2 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Product Type
5.9.3 Asia Pacific Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by End User
Chapter 6 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Overview
6.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Product Type
6.1.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2030)
6.1.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Product Type in 2019
6.1.3 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Product Type, (2015-2021)
6.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by End User
6.2.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2030)
6.2.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by End User in 2019
6.2.3 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by End User, (2015-2021)
6.3 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Region
6.3.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2030)
6.3.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Region in 2019
6.3.3 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region, (2015-2021)
6.4 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Outlook (2015-2030)
6.4.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2015-2021)
6.4.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2022-2030)
6.5 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Regions
6.5.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2021)
6.5.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2022-2030)
6.6 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Product Type
6.6.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2021)
6.6.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2022-2030)
6.7 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by End User
6.7.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2021)
6.7.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2022-2030)
6.8 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate Comparison (2014-2030)
6.8.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Region
6.8.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Product Type
6.8.3 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by End User
6.9 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share Comparison 2015-2030
6.9.1 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Region
6.9.2 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Product Type
6.9.3 South America Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by End User
Chapter 7 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Overview
7.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Product Type
7.1.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2030)
7.1.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Product Type in 2019
7.1.3 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Product Type, (2015-2021)
7.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by End User
7.2.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2030)
7.2.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by End User in 2019
7.2.3 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by End User, (2015-2021)
7.3 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market by Region
7.3.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2030)
7.3.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Market Share by Region in 2019
7.3.3 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region, (2015-2021)
7.4 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Outlook (2015-2030)
7.4.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2015-2021)
7.4.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) (2022-2030)
7.5 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Regions
7.5.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2015-2021)
7.5.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Region (2022-2030)
7.6 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by Product Type
7.6.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2015-2021)
7.6.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by Product Type (2022-2030)
7.7 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) by End User
7.7.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2015-2021)
7.7.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Comparison by End User (2022-2030)
7.8 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate Comparison (2014-2030)
7.8.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Region
7.8.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by Product Type
7.8.3 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Y-o-Y Growth Rate by End User
7.9 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share Comparison (2015-2030)
7.9.1 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Region
7.9.2 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by Product Type
7.9.3 MEA Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Share by End User
Chapter 8 Global Semi-Autonomous Vehicles Market Company Profiles
8.1 Market Competition Scenario Analysis, By Company
8.2 Competitor Landscape
8.3 Company Share Analysis
8.4 Company Profiles
8.4.1 Company
8.4.1.1 Company Overview
8.4.1.2 Business Description
8.4.1.3 Product Portfolio
8.4.1.4 Key Financials
8.4.1.5 Key Developments
8.4.1.6 SWOT Analysis
Companies Included:
Tesla
General Motors
Daimler
BMW
Audi
Volvo
Ford
Chapter 9 Methodology and Data Source
9.1 Research Approach/ Methodology
9.2 Market Size Estimation
9.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
9.4 Data Source
9.4.1 Secondary Sources
9.4.2 Primary Sources
